Dominant Themes In Whitmans Poetry Essay - 711 Words

The dominant themes that are more pervasive in Whitman’s poetry are democracy, life/death cycles, individualism, and nature. These themes play major roles in some of his more notable poems such as â€Å"Songs of Myself† or â€Å"Crossing Brooklyn Ferry.† He used democracy as a theme to bring society together, and unite everyone based on their general beliefs. He depicted life and death cycles to merge society together on a spiritual level. Despite his eagerness to unite society he also embraced individualism, and is also a persistent theme in most of his poetry. Nature was an important concept that Whitman used to convince people who there were more important things to life than class structure. He used nature connect us all, and encourage people to†¦show more content†¦This contradictory statement would go against Whitman’s beliefs because he believed society should act as one, and by lying to one another it leads to feelings of deception as well as betrayal. Misleading one another is not the right way to build foundations with one another. Whitman always wanted people to be genuine, and being honest is a significant aspect of unifying society. Although Dickenson goes to write that â€Å"success in circuit lies,† this will still not sway Whitman. Dickenson is basically writing that the truth will come around sooner or later. Whitman believes that people who just do the right thing the first time will be true to themselves as well as to others. You either tell the whole truth, or you don’t. Without being honest people cannot progress in their relationships with one another, and in then end will fail to unite. Another example where Whitman would disapprove would be when Dickenson writes â€Å"They shut me up†¦as when a little girl..they put me in the Closet†¦.Still! Could themselves have peeped† Here Dickenson is talking about how the little girl was put in solitary only because she spoke her mi nd as well as implying a hypocrisy occurring. Whitman would definitely disapprove because he believes that everyone is entitled to their perspective, and should not be punished for expressing their unique outlook. Whitman is for a democratic society, but to be aShow MoreRelatedThe Most Uneven Great Poet By Tenney Nathanson1102 Words   |  5 Pageswas a taboo subject not to be discussed in public. Many of his poems centered on his private and public life as well as sexualizing men, women, and objects. Whitman’s poems shaped history by bringing the discussion of sexuality as a natural part of life to mainstream America and paving the way for future authors to do the same. Whitman’s writing career started when he became an apprentice in the printing industry in 1831 (Nathanson 390). Whitman worked as the editor for a Brooklyn newspaper. Read MoreEssay about Allen Ginsbergs A Supermarket in California1722 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifically expresses a tone of wistfulness or even sadness: What thoughts I have of you tonight, Walt Whitman (Ginsberg, 1). The evocation of Whitmans name is an obvious symbol of optimism or even idealism. Due to the wide-ranging nature of Whitmans own writings, the sense of idealization is meant to extend to philosophy and politics as well as poetry. The opening line sets up the poems central tension by contrasting idealization with cynical reality. The tone is established even before theRead More walt whitman Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pages†Everything on earth has the divine spark within and thus is all part of a whole.†(web.pg2trans.) This philosophy of individualism led to an optimistic emphasis on society. Because Whitman immodestly praised the human body and glorified the senses, â€Å"Walt Whitman’s poems assert the worth of the individual and the oneness of all humanity.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Walt Whitman was an American poet who was born on May 31, 1819, near Huntington, N.Y. He was the second of a family of nine children. His fatherRead MoreWalt Whitman and Emily Dickinson808 Words   |  4 PagesWalt Whitman and Emily Dickinson both had different and similar views, which influenced how they wrote their poetry. Their social context, life experiences, and gender are reflected in their poetry. Emily Dickinson focused a lot on death and her struggles of being a woman during her time. Her poems often described the inner state of mind. Waltman attempted to combine universal themes with individual feelings and experiences, such as his personal experiences with the Civil War. Whitman and DickinsonRead More Whitman and Neruda as Grassroots Poets Essays1812 Words   |  8 Pagesstudies which illuminate certain artistic purposes and themes. Thinking of Whitman and Neruda as grassroots poets can deepen our understanding of their personas and their work, and especially indicate a similarity of purpose between the two poets who employed different structural styles of writing. First and foremost, the term â€Å"grassroots† hinges on a sense of community. It implies a political motivation from the bottom up. Neruda’s and Whitman’s common search for identity, both on a personal andRead MoreInterpretation of the Text13649 Words   |  55 Pagesimagined. What we have, then, is an independent little world made of words: a world of forms, images, and sounds that are all designed to work together. This does not mean that works of literature have nothing to do with reality. On the contrary, Walt Whitmans poems often address the reader directly; Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn has everything to do with the history of American slavery; and when Emily Dickinson writes, 1 never hear the word escape Without a quicker †¢blood, she is surely expressing herRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagescharacter – characterization by telling – include the following methods: 1. CHARACTERIZATION THROUGH THE USE OF NAMES. Names are often used to provide essential clues that aid in characterization. Some characters are given names that suggest their dominant or controlling traits, as, for example, Edward Murdstone (in Dickens’ David Copperfield) and Roger Chillingsworth (in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter). Both men are cold-hearted villains their names suggest. Other characters are given names that reinforce

Karl Marx s Class Theory - 1687 Words

Karl Marx’s class theory rests on the presumptions that each society in existence emanates from the history of class struggles. In line with this perception, from the time human society came forth from its primitive as well as relatively indistinctive state it has stayed categorized between classes which conflict in the pursuit of class interests. In the capitalist world, for instance, the factor which is the just but the nuclear cell as regards the capitalist system, becomes the key antagonism locus between classes—between labor power buyers and sellers, between exploiters and exploited—in place of functional collaboration. Class interests and the power confrontations that they introduce is to Karl Marx the centerpiece determining the social process and a historical one as well. Marx’s analysis goes on to center in the manner in which relationships between men are fashioned regarding their relative positions concerning the means of production. In other words, by their indistinctive access to limited resources and power limitation as well. He depicts that unbalanced access must not be at all times and whatever the condition result into the active class struggle. Nonetheless, Karl Marx took it upon himself and named it axiomatic as concerns the potential with regards to class conflict that was inherent in each differentiated society, as such a community in a systemic sense generated disputes of interests between individuals and groups indistinctively situated within theShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx s Theory Of Social Class2099 Words   |  9 Pagescentric study of social classes, Karl Marx has also contributed other works in his field of communism in which everything he focused on was all around and bridged to social classes. In Marx’s mind, standar d of living, economy, exploitation, and alienation are all listed in the category of social class that â€Å"class differentiation becomes for Marx the decisive factor in the formation of the body politic† (Avineri, 1968, pg. 25). By referring to the liberal economy, Marx was neither the pioneer nor theRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Class Division And The Feminist Theory2174 Words   |  9 Pagesdivision using Karl Marx’s theory of class division and the feminist theory of patriarchy. I will also link this to ethnicity in black feminism and evaluate how relevant these theories are to society today. Social division is the discrimination of a group of people in society based on social class, gender or ethnicity. This can then cause disruption within society. The two main theories of social division are Karl Marx’s theory of class division and the feminist theory of patriarchy. Karl Marx developedRead MoreKarl Marx s Class Conflict Theory1710 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx’s Class Conflict Theory Introduction Karl Marx believed that struggle or conflict among classes was an inevitable feature of capitalism based on the argument that various groups in a society or social classes perpetually fight and compete for resources and power, hence the groups remains polarized against each other. The Karl Marx’s conflict theory views behavior from the perspective of conflict or tension among two or more groups. The conflict does not necessarily translate to violenceRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory On Social Class902 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx was a German academic that studied history and philosophy, and while at the University of Berlin he joined the Young Hegelians; a group of radical philosophers who believed history was driven by intelligence and reasoning and human society progressed through dialectical change- following the beliefs of Georg Hegel (Appelrouth and Edles, 2012, p21). Most of Marx’s work was based on the interests of the working class, which proceeded on to one of h is main theories being on class, which liesRead MoreWhy Marx s Social Theory Place So Much Emphasis On Class Conflict And The Economic Aspects Of Society? Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes Marx s social theory place so much emphasis on class conflict and the economic aspects of society? Karl Marx is one of the most influential and revolutionary philosopher, economist and sociologist of the 19th century. His thoughts not only shaped our understandings of the capitalistic world but also created a new system of social organization, communism. His ideology also defined the key political figures of the cold war period such as Stalin, Mao and Castro. Without Marx, theRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto And Das Kapital1507 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx A German philosopher, economist, journalist and revolutionary scientist, Marx was best known for his work in economics. He laid the foundations for today s theories of labor and capital. The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital were among the most famous of his published works. Born to a middle-class family in Trier, Prussia in 1818, his parents were Jewish, but converted to Christianity in 1816 due to strict anti- Jewish laws. He was baptized as a Christian at the age of six but laterRead MoreKarl Marx And The Great Philosopher Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx was born in Trier, Prussia in 1818 to a Jewish family, but despite his baptism at age 6, he later became an atheist. Marx attended University of Bonn, but due to his imprisonment for drunkenness and variances with another student, he was enrolled in the University of Berlin by his parents. Marx earned his degree in philosophy and began writing for Rheinische Zeitung, a liberal democratic newspaper. He later became their editor. Marx was a member of Young Hegelian movement which was groupRead MoreKarl Marx And The German Political System1427 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx was born on May 5th 1818 in Trier, Germany, which was then known as the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labor and it’s relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought. He was born into a wealthy upper middle-class family. He attended school at the University of Bonn and later he studied law and philosophy at the University of BerlinRead MoreKarl Marx : Modern World History1103 Words   |  5 Pagesuprisings that force oppressors to alter the current problem. Karl Marx’s ideas and claims caused constant innovation in the theory of communism. However, he was extremely underappreciated during his lifetime and was later recognized during the Russian revolution y ears after his death. Therefore, Karl Marx became a revolutionary after his death in 1883. Karl Heinrich Marx was the oldest of nine children born to Heinrich and Henrietta Marx in Trier, Prussia. His father was a successful lawyer who admiredRead MoreThe City As A Growth Machine881 Words   |  4 Pageswill be arguing how the theory of Karl Marx on estranged labor is related into these article but also Angela Harris theory on Critical racial theory contributes, clarifies and supports the author s reasons on why segregation still exists among communities. I will be connecting argument by adding evidence to support my argument with Karl Marx and Angela Harris theory within the articles. The three articles mentioned, describe theories that attribute to Karl Marx theory of labor among the different

Decision Making Application To In Teams †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: How Do Decision-Making Application To In Teams? Answer: Introduction Teamwork has remained a key element right from childhood to adulthood where working together has always been encouraged. Teamwork refers to the work that relies on the collaboration of team members to experience success and achievement of set goals. Throughout, the value of teamwork has remained valued whether in gaming or academic performance. In the same respect, teamwork persists into the workplace towards meeting a common goal where people work together. Therefore, work has to be done with the understanding and commitment to a common goal to be met by all the members of a team. Developing teamwork is a vital leadership role that differentiates results arising in different tasks done at a group level. Today, there are several theories in use focusing on the teamwork, team development, and development of workplace culture. The basics of teamwork illustrate the need for every member of a team to work together regardless of their talents and skills as long as they contribute to the overall goal of a project (Kozlowski and Bell 2003). Earlier research done by Elton Mayo focused on studying the relation between productivity and work conditions which finds real meaning in the contemporary workplaces. Managers prefer to instil teamwork to increase production since individual efforts do not outshine a groups effort. In so doing, they have to be fostered by the management working under towards creating a formidable team. The concept of teamwork used in sports activities has been transferred over the years to the management level where it has experienced utmost acceptance. Teams require persons with adequate knowledge to steer the process and assist in meeting interpersonal demands. Leaders in a team have several responsibilities such as coaching the members, facilitating and supporting their decisions, expanding a teams capability, and anticipating for changes while making adequate measures (Ilgen, Hollenbeck, Johnson, and Jundt, 2005). Besides, leaders build trust, inspire teamwork, encourage low performing members, and empower group members to accomplish tasks according to the set standards. The paper examines the Tuckmans stages in a team development while identifying the duties carried out by the leaders in providing support and facilitating the process. Besides, it looks into the managerial decision-making aspects and applies the same knowledge to the concept of teams in organizations. Furthermore, it looks into the physical structures facilitating teamwork giving examples of the operations of each task. Eventually, it looks into the means through which managers promote teamwork among its members and the reasons underlying. Tuckmans Stages in Team Development The stages of growth were developed by Bruce Tuckman which became famous through his theory called Tuckman Stages which focused on his research on team dynamics (Kozlowski and Chao, 2012). He perceived all the stages in their order of occurrence as essential to team growth as each function towards the delivery of high-quality outcome in performance (Bonebright, 2010). All the four stages are significant to the development of the team and contribute immensely towards personal participation in a project activity. Forming The stage is characterized with the entry of the team members who meet each other for the first time on a given task. Here, team members meet and socialize with each other, introducing themselves, providing information on their backgrounds, exploring their interests and experience at first sight (Bonebright 2010). A few discussions are held on a forthcoming project on the goals and the roles to be played by individuals. In this case, the stage allows for people to 'feel each other' and find their perfect means to working together. The stage allows for the team leader to come out clear on a teams project goals and ensure all the members feel part of the group for a cohesive workforce. Roles and responsibilities should be allocated fairly to increase the diverse efforts towards a common task. For instance, a construction project must have all team members gather at a common place for an introduction to familiarize with each other and have the leader introduce the project officially. Afterward, the leader can identify the interests of individuals which assist in making decisions towards assigning of roles. In so doing, the leader must ensure maximum participation through assigning each worker a role in the project. Therefore, a leader plays critical roles in ensuring everyone feels at home, has a role in the project, and in making sure the project goals and mission are clear to a team (Bonebright, 2010). The stage may last for a while as individuals get to know each other and the leader keeps explaining and answering the questions that pertains a given project. Storming The stage allows team members to push against the boundaries established earlier as they know each other more. The stage is crucial as most teams break off due to the conflicts ensued at the stage. The stage is characterized by conflicting team members who argue for and against the natural working styles. Further, there is competition for status and acceptance of ideas expressed by a team member. As a result, individuals may become frustrated as their ambitions and experience remain ignored in the process of allocating roles. The stage gives the team members the power to solve issues within themselves and control conversations while allowing individuals to become effective listeners (Johnson, Suriya, Yoon, Berrett and La Fleur 2002). For examples, team members may challenge the decision or authority of a leader as well as differ opinion-wise thereby leading to a standstill. Some may feel overwhelmed with the roles while others remaining adamant on the roles assigned. Consequently, the leader has several roles to play in getting the members to the stage. First, the leader has to remain firm and explain the functions and the status given to each other based on real qualification. Besides, the leader is supposed to steer the team towards accepting and listening to the opinions of others and learning to accommodate one another (Farrell, SCHMITT and HEINEMANN, 2001). Conflict resolution is another issue to be addressed where the leader is supposed to mediate and deliver a formidable team in the production of a projects goal. The stage closes only when members have learned to work with each other and accommodate the diverse opinions and knowledge displayed by their colleagues. The category remains challenging as some t eams fail to get over the stage due to disagreements. Norming In Tuckmans stages, relationships are built through cohesion where group members engage in activities that allow for acknowledgment of members contribution and solving group issues. At this juncture, members change their earlier perceived notions and adopt a new one leading to what is known as Norming. When members begin to know each other, they understand and start working together thereby developing what is considered as a norm in the team. Consequently, all members abide by the same. The stage allows people to develop a sense of belonging and relief since all the conflicting issues are resolved. The leader at this stage is responsible for developing the right practice and making members understand and abide by the same. In the case of conflicts, team leaders having assisted in solving issues develop structures and policies that correct and set the right standards to be followed. Besides, a leader remains responsible for forming and promoting the culture through encouraging and fostering efforts to make the team members act according to the norm (Chong 2007). For example, a leader has to set up a standard in conflict resolution and have the members pass through the same steps in case conflicts arise. Therefore, the stage is crucial to the development and maintenance of the team activities. Performing The stage involves the actual performance of tasks in a project where it seeks to achieve the teams goals. The structures set are used to support the project where the conflict resolution mechanisms assist in reducing friction in the process of production. Members remain task oriented and function towards solving a common problem with high morale and loyalty (Bonebright 2010). Assigning each member a task increases their contribution and performance in the team. People who survive the previous stages to join the team experience proper working relations due to the norms set earlier. At this point, the team leader remains responsible for handling the arising issues in the team. Besides, a leader is in charge of implementing a project in line with the plan while checking the progress of each team member (Bonebright 2010). The day-to-day activities are steered by the team leader assisted by the members who perform their different roles in a teams project. Adjourning The adjourning stage involves the stage where all the project goals have been met and time for termination arrives. At the stage, the efforts of the individuals are recognized, and their participation and achievement applauded. Each of the members is given time to say goodbye and give their experience in the process of the development. Each member has to be recognized for their efforts and contribution to the team performance while highlighting the underpinning factors to the success (Bonebright 2010). By so doing, a team engages in a successful termination process that leads to proper disengagement among the members. The leader at this stage plays the role of appreciating the employees and recognizing their efforts in the project. The project progress has to be communicated to the group members to increase their awareness on the level at which the goals have been met. Also, the setbacks have to be reported by the leader to provide guidance on the improvement measures to be taken by the team in the future (Bonebright 2010). Lastly, the leader has to officially close a project and encourage team members to future engagement. Managerial Decision-making Application to Decisions in Teams Management in diverse perspectives make decisions that affect everyday operations and profitability. In the same respect, teams make decisions that affect their day-to-day activities. Decision making is a key attribute in any organization and remains core to the overall wellbeing of a team. By definition, a team is a group of people with complementary skills committed to achieving a common purpose and goals (Jones, Bellenger and Johnston 2016). In such a team, decision-making determines the rate at which people can make changes effectively and promptly. Managerial decision making involves the process of selecting from a variety of choices available and arriving at the best action to take (Hasan, Shamsuddin, and Aziati 2013). In this respect, it has to follow a particular procedure common to members towards proper decisions. There are four distinct stages essential for use in the process of decision making from a managerial perspective. The first step involves identification of a problem, generation of alternative solutions or options, evaluating the options and selection of the best alternative and finally implementation and monitoring of the selected best option. Decision Making by Authority There are times when the management makes decisions without involving the other workers. In a team, the team leader has the ability and power to make decisions. As an expert, team leaders can make decisions on behalf of the team as long they fall within their area of jurisdiction. Authoritative decisions can be made without consultations with the team members. For instance, the decision to the selection of team members for participation in diverse areas of a project can be made without consulting the members. According to Hasan, Shamsuddin and Aziati, (2013), the leader can observe and gauge based on the qualifications and skills of the members to select the area for allocation of tasks. In this respect, the decision in a team has been made using the authority of a leader without consultation. Decision Making based on Critical Steps The concept applies to decision making in teams which guarantee success. First, a team has several experts and skills which are essential in contributing towards decision making. Decision-making assists in times of crisis where each team member is expected to participate in making the overall decision where their opinion matters (Pettigrew 2014). In times of crisis or conflict among individuals, it is important to listen to the view of both parties and weigh in during decision making. Accommodating the opinions of individuals in decision-making assist in determining the end results, that can be accepted by people. On the other hand, the steps remain essential in a teams agreement on several issues. For instance, a teams decision on time and the approach to be used in handling a project has to be decided using the procedure. First, a problem has to be identified concerning a projects need. Once identified, several options can be proposed by individuals in the team regardless of the number. At least each member can suggest a solution or approach be used. Afterward, the team members are to sit and reason out on the best alternative through voting on the solution receiving the highest number of votes (Pettigrew 2014). Once selected, the idea with the highest number of member backing is chosen for implementation. The members have to contribute their efforts towards supporting the idea which has the best effect on the project. In this case, the process of managerial decision making is essential to finding group solutions to issues. Disagreement exists in a team where one party may differ on a decision made by a leader in isolation. In such a case, the use of managerial decision making comes in handy to assist in a harmonious development. A project team benefits from the creation whenever making a decision of a set of options leading to a conflict (Zsambok and Klein 2014). Professionally, a team leader is supposed to arrive at major decisions in consultation with the team members for an effective implementation. The pros and cons of a solution have to be analysed to enable a proper solution to given issue in decision making. Therefore, the selection of options has to be done by all members of a team where a set of options are presented, analyzed and the best ones selected towards implementation. Cost-Benefit Approach The cost-benefit approach to managerial decision making is equally important to the development of tasks in a team. Team leaders have to involve the members on the core decisions that lead to a cost-effective engagement in a project. For instance, the selection of the type of tools to be used in production has to be based on their price tag and the benefits that they yield in the process. Therefore, a selection of an option has to be done consultative to find the best option with a lesser cost but a high probability of delivering the desired goals of a team (Nas 2016). In this case, the managerial concept is proper to teams decision making aspects. Decision-Based on Benefits Lastly, the pros and cons aspect in managerial decision making is essential and profitable to the members and overall goals in a project. Here, the people responsible for decision making undertake the practice of selecting the best option using the formula or checking the benefits and the setbacks of an option. For instance, selection of the type of technology in a project can be done by having the decision team propose a variety of choices to use. In the process, the options are weighed according to their positive contribution to a team. On the other hand, the setbacks are brought out for each of the cases and finally checking the side that carries the most weight (Carter, Seely, Dagosta, DeChurch and Zaccaro 2015). The option with the highest benefit to a team becomes the utmost solution leading to its implementation. The managerial approach is essential to an efficient decision making among teams. Therefore, managerial decision making calls for the cooperation of individual parties in decision making that affects their daily operation. According to Fay, Shipton, West, and Patterson (2015), increasing member participation in teams guarantees a proper decision where a majority of the members are in agreement leading to an effective adoption and use solutions created through a decision. Decision making is key to a teams performance and thus has to incorporate the ideas of individuals where a vote for the majority on a likely option leads to a decision that is effective to the rest of the group. Physical Structures Facilitating Teamwork Teamwork involves working together for a common good where all members of a group gather their efforts towards achieving a common goal. For an effective teamwork to exist, certain managerial considerations have to be made to guarantee the success of team work (Kozlowski, Grand, Baard and Pearce, 2015). The physical structures are designed to support the existence of a good relation between individuals within a group, gather them together to work towards achieving organizational goals. Communication Structures Communication is an important aspect in fostering development and success in teamwork in organizations. Teamwork is achieved through open communication where team members read on the same page concerning timelines, responsibilities, and the goals of a given project. Effective communication mechanisms are essential towards developing an effective team. For example, establishing a mellow conversation tone among team members, while discussing issues, assists in increasing communication between individuals. Besides, having communication structures and policies that allow for opinions and respecting ones opinion ideas leads to a successful teamwork essential for group development (McInnes, Peters, Bonney, and Halcomb, 2015). Moreover, developing specific criteria for resolving conflicts leads to effective teamwork. Conflicts are part and parcel of the daily operations where members differ with one another on several issues. Therefore, having clear lines and procedures for negotiating and mediating conflicts towards a formidable relationship leads to easier paths in resolving issues (McInnes, Peters, Bonney, and Halcomb, 2015). Communication sets a standard guide used in decision making, which when followed while involving the members leads to effective teamwork as it reduces conflicts ha might arise and destroy an existing team spirit. On the other hand, effective communication restores employee satisfaction by enhancing a sense of belonging to the workers. Group Thinking Group thinking is a managerial concept where a group of people is involved in making a decision through opinions. Group thinking fosters the sense of belonging where the majority information or opinion is considered regardless of its effectiveness. Members whose ideas have been accepted feel part of the group and recognized thus leading to a cohesive situation where teamwork spirit remains guaranteed (Salas, Shuffler, Thayer, Bedwell, and Lazzara, 2015). The managerial structure allows individuals to contribute their opinion and have that of the majority to be considered. Such structures enhance effective collaboration where people cannot make decisions independently but rather act in a team. Limits on Team Size Individuals tend to work well while in sizeable numbers where the contribution of people becomes significant to a team. Effective teamwork can only be built if all members contribute to a common goal and feel part of a group. According to Bravo, Lucia-Palacios and Martin, (2016), evaluation of a teams size allows managers to gauge productivity levels where the higher the numbers, the better the results due to the extensive knowledge involved in the development of a team. However, such numbers have to remain manageable for cohesive purposes. A group has to have a population that allows for the contribution of opinion and efforts from all the concerned parties. In this respect, creating manageable numbers increases productivity thus facilitating teamwork. Establishing a reasonable number of people in a group facilitates teamwork in organizations. Team-Building Exercises Effective teamwork is facilitated through shared experience and practice present in team-building activities. The fast pace of life, where individuals become engaged in their work activities limits the time for interaction. As such, there is a need for an event to meet the team and foster efforts towards working together through activities not related to their duties (Lartey, Cummings, and Profetto?McGrath, 2014). Team building activities include sports, creative solutions, and group thinking which facilitate teamwork. Here, individuals work in groups, and there are no personal efforts since their individual contribution goes to the benefit of a team. Team building boosts communication between each other, problem-solving ability, and gives a boost in morale and promotion of mutual interests (Lartey, Cummings, and Profetto?McGrath, 2014). As such, the activity highlights and fosters the need to work together in meeting common organizational goals. Therefore, they satisfy the need of e ffective teamwork. Diversity Teamwork counts on the contribution of different people with diverse knowledge aimed at achieving a common goal. In this case, effective teams embrace the ideas of various cultures and personalities and use them towards effective teamwork. According to (Lartey, Cummings, and Profetto?McGrath (2014), teams lacking diversity fails to achieve a common goal as the reasoning would be focused on a common factor. However, diversity allows for different backgrounds of information to be shared and used in finding a common solution to a problem. Creation of policies that promote diversity allows for a proper engagement leading to an overall development of teamwork. In this case, people can forge their efforts and work together in developing solutions to a common problem. Smart Goals Team leaders have the responsibilities to develop goals and have them explained thoroughly to a group. In so doing, they have to be measurable, realistic, reliable and driven by the leader. The goals in any teamwork have to be made clear by the head to encourage a positive result in the long run. Having clear goals in a team facilitates teamwork as each member understands the roles in an organization (Lee, and Chang, 2013). Setting guidelines to understanding the goals of a project to a group increase the rate at which they can induce change through working together. Lack of such a formation leads to a poor teamwork scenario. Strategies for Promoting Teamwork Teamwork is an aspect that can be supported by managers in their diverse areas of engagement. A positive work environment comes through hard work and commitment essential for fostering teamwork (Lee, and Chang, 2013). Managers need to exercise effectiveness and understanding in bringing their employees together for the common good. Creating an atmosphere of trust and cooperation is essential to the development of teamwork and a happy team. For a manager to attain a synch among its team, there are several things to consider in arriving at the goals. Proper Communication Managers ought to keep their members updated on their progress and every decision taken in a team. Being open in communication puts everyone on the right path with each other thus avoiding conflicts of interest such as bias to information. In this case, a manager must establish a clear line of communication that allows a smooth flow of information between individuals in a team (Logan 2016). Members need to be informed of the channels towards addressing issues and have them remain accessible anytime members wish to air their grievances. Formal and informal communication can occur in a manner that ensures information access. For instance, communication can be done via a social site where all the team members subscribe, in the memo, or through word of mouth amongst the members. In equal measure, giving members a call on an upcoming matter serves well in a crisis that cannot await an official letter (Logan, 2016). A manager has to be ready to step in as a mediator in aiding in a conflict by choosing a neutral position in a matter while developing an alternative to a peaceful agreement. By so doing, a leader would be promoting teamwork among individuals. Encourage Social Activities Teamwork relies so much on team activities which enhance the ability to interact and discover the high point among members of a team. The events, whether formal or informal, lead to interactions where exchange in ideas remains inevitable. In the process, individuals get to know each other, explore their skills, and provide a manager with the ability to assess and select the right people for the important tasks in teamwork (Galegher, Kraut and Egido, 2014). Breaking out from the norms to activities that increase bonding and interaction are essential activities that managers ought to undertake to steer teamwork among its members. Implementing Recognition Programs Rewards for performing individuals are requisite factors for increased output among teams. Members feel appreciated and part of a society that recognizes its efforts in different activities. Managers need to encourage their team members through recognition programs where members receive praises for their contribution and tokens of appreciation for their contribution to a given project (Drew, and Coulson?Thomas 2013). Reward stimulates more production and competition among members towards achieving the overall goal of society. Giving team publicity for its performance gives them the motive and ability to perform even more with vigor to demonstrate their ability to the rest. Such recognition activities can be done at individuals but more importantly at a group level since the efforts are counted as that of a team. Recognition adds value to people and is a path to a healthy competition essential for teamwork. Clear Role Outlines Each member of a team has a role to play which remains instrumental to the overall change in an organization. In this respect, the roles have to be clearly spelled out with their limits set to avert a situation where duplication of roles occurs. According to Drew, and Coulson?Thomas (2013), duplication of roles is a root to conflicts where members feel demeaned every time they perceive others playing similar roles. As a result, it may lead to a reduction in morale and team spirit due to inferiority issues. A manager is tasked with the role of allocating and explaining the roles of individuals while setting the extents to which one can go. The clear distinction creates respect to the roles assigned and fosters active participation towards the overall growth. The lack of a proper coordination by the management leads to issues which might give birth to conflicts thus slowing the teamwork spirit and overall performance. Identification of Existing Problems As a manager, one is supposed to monitor the progress of team members in a given task and identify setbacks to their progress. Once identified, it is essential for the manager to consult the persons responsible and receive a feedback essential for the development of a solution to a given crisis. For instance, a manager monitoring a particular project should be able to recognize an inability to meet deadlines and use the chance to seek for a possible reason behind the same and address the real concern (Drew, and Coulson?Thomas 2013). Problems are handled at the moment to avoid further delays as opposed to letting things occur naturally. Solutions to the problem can emanate from feedback from team members thus leading to avoidance of a crisis. Therefore, the intervention of a manager in such a crisis leads to a timely solution towards a real concern. Mediate Disputes A manager is a leader in own capacity and always has to remain a solution provider. Crisis and conflicts in organizations are avoidable thus present a case where the efforts of a manager remain vital. Managers need to provide prior guidelines to handle issues arising among members thus boosting performance due to a timely address. In the process, a manager can take a neutral role in a mediation process and develop a non-biased judgment that fosters peace and stability among the members. In averting the same, managers ought to encourage members to report any developing issues earlier enough to provide proactive solutions essential for an active culture in organizations (Drew, and Coulson?Thomas 2013). For example, a member who constantly fails to deliver assigned task on time can be assisted by having the daily progress recorded and presented towards initiating a commitment to duty. Therefore, a manager has a role to play in preventing a lapse in performance by mediating in disputes e arly enough to instil a positive culture of teamwork. Trust Trust is essential for members working together as well as for team leaders. The lack of trust leads to a reduced performance as members do not have an assurance on the proper channels to address their issues effectively. Trust is paramount towards boosting teamwork as members need to trust their leader and vice-versa in several ways. According to Drew, and Coulson?Thomas (2013), managers need to demonstrate loyalty to their juniors by assisting them to achieve their goals as well as that of the group. In so doing, they are supposed to address the real concerns in time and relay feedback to the team in a manner that meets or surpasses their expectations. Assigning of roles to individuals indicates trust in persons and thus has to be done accordingly. Managers have to demonstrate a high level of trust to individuals in a team as a way of boosting their morale and ability to deliver as per the expectations. The value of teamwork cannot be ignored in the process of a team development. Teams deliver optimum whenever given the chance and resources matching a given task. Managers serving as leaders in organizations have to motivate their members through appreciation in both monetary and non-monetary means. Sharing a vision and setting group goals assist in meeting targets to be met by members. Satisfied employees tend to keep their jobs and perform better to meet their obligations (Drew, and Coulson?Thomas 2013). Therefore, it is important for managers to meet their obligation in promoting teamwork through several strategies laid above. Conclusion Teamwork traces its roots to the 1920s and 1930s where professors such as Mayo conducted the first experiment on the performance issues. Indeed, it became evident that teamwork is a core contributor to development at a workplace and that sharing of ideas led to widespread of knowledge and skills essential to increasing productivity. The benefits experienced have steered development in the present generation where managers strive to promote teamwork using several strategies in the organizations. The stages outlined in the Tuckman model illustrate the formation of a team through to the stage when a team is terminated after achieving the intended functions. The stages indicate the actual roles of individuals as well as the leaders in making the changes happen. A good comparison exists between the managerial decision making and decision making in teams since they both work in the management portfolios. Besides, it sets out the physical structures essential for teams in decision making that accommodate the concerns of each. Decision making in teams can be challenging but a proper handling procedure and consensus reaching assists in alleviating the negative concerns attached to the process. Finally, it is clear that managers play crucial roles in motivating teams towards performance by facilitating teamwork that allows individuals to work collaboratively towards a common interest. Teamwork is a concept whose benefits exist and continue to change the way organizations perform and hence creating the need to motivate members towards performance. Reference List Bonebright, D.A., 2010. 40 years of storming: a historical review of Tuckman's model of small group development. Human Resource Development International, 13(1), pp.111-120. Bravo, R., Lucia-Palacios, L. and Martin, M.J., 2016. Processes and outcomes in student teamwork. An empirical study in a marketing subject. Studies in Higher Education, 41(2), pp.302-320. Carter, D.R., Seely, P.W., Dagosta, J., DeChurch, L.A. and Zaccaro, S.J., 2015. Leadership for global virtual teams: Facilitating teamwork processes. In Leading Global Teams (pp. 225-252). Springer New York. Chong, E., 2007. Role balance and team development: A study of team role characteristics underlying high and low performing teams. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 8(3), p.202. Drew, S. and Coulson?Thomas, C., 2013. Transformation through teamwork: the path to the new organization?. Team Performance Management: An International Journal. Farrell, M., SCHMITT, M. and HEINEMANN, G., 2001. Informal roles and the stages of interdisciplinary team development. Journal of interprofessional care, 15(3), pp.281-295. Fay, D., Shipton, H., West, M.A. and Patterson, M., 2015. Teamwork and organizational innovation: The moderating role of the HRM context. Creativity and Innovation Management, 24(2), pp.261-277. Galegher, J., Kraut, R.E. and Egido, C., 2014. Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work. Psychology Press. Hasan, Y., Shamsuddin, A. and Aziati, N., 2013. The impact of management information systems adoption in managerial decision making: A review. The International Scientific Journal of Management Information Systems, 8(4), pp.010-017. Ilgen, D.R., Hollenbeck, J.R., Johnson, M. and Jundt, D., 2005. Teams in organizations: From input-process-output models to IMOI models. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 56, pp.517-543. Johnson, S.D., Suriya, C., Yoon, S.W., Berrett, J.V. and La Fleur, J., 2002. Team development and group processes of virtual learning teams. Computers Education, 39(4), pp.379-393. Jones, C.M., Bellenger, D. and Johnston, W.J., 2016. The Influence of Mergers and Acquisitions on RD Managerial Decision Making: A Multiple-Case Study of Pharmaceutical Firms. Kozlowski, S.W. and Bell, B.S., 2003. Work groups and teams in organizations. Handbook of psychology. Kozlowski, S.W. and Chao, G.T., 2012. The dynamics of emergence: Cognition and cohesion in work teams. Managerial and Decision Economics, 33(5-6), pp.335-354. Kozlowski, S.W., Grand, J.A., Baard, S.K. and Pearce, M., 2015. Teams, teamwork, and team effectiveness: Implications for human systems integration. The handbook of human systems integration, pp.535-552. Lartey, S., Cummings, G. and Profetto?McGrath, J., 2014. Interventions that promote retention of experienced registered nurses in health care settings: a systematic review. Journal of nursing management, 22(8), pp.1027-1041. Lee, C.C. and Chang, J.W., 2013. Does trust promote more teamwork? Modeling online game players' teamwork using team experience as a moderator. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(11), pp.813-819. Logan, T.R., 2016. Influence of teamwork behaviors on workplace incivility as it applies to nurses. Creighton Journal of Interdisciplinary Leadership, 2(1), pp.47-53. McInnes, S., Peters, K., Bonney, A. and Halcomb, E., 2015. An integrative review of facilitators and barriers influencing collaboration and teamwork between general practitioners and nurses working in general practice. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(9), pp.1973-1985. Nas, T.F., 2016. Cost-benefit analysis: Theory and application. Lexington Books. Pettigrew, A.M., 2014. The politics of organizational decision-making. Routledge. Salas, E., Shuffler, M.L., Thayer, A.L., Bedwell, W.L. and Lazzara, E.H., 2015. Understanding and improving teamwork in organizations: A scientifically based practical guide. Human Resource Management, 54(4), pp.599-622. Zsambok, C.E. and Klein, G., 2014. Naturalistic decision making. Psychology Press.

Stephen B. Oates, Lincoln’s Journey to Emancipation free essay sample

He comes to us, too, as the Great Emancipator who headed the North off to Civil War to free the slaves and subsequently offered his kindred Southerners a delicate and forgetting hand. Lincoln was the man who headed the slaves into the common war and eventually liberated them from the Southerners, whom hed lended a hand after the war. This is the generally speaking perspective of Lincoln, which isnt fully accurate, and is demonstrated to not be totally right however history, demonstrating that he didnt have totally intensive and reliable perspectives and didnt dependably help nullification. He acknowledged how wrong it was that subjection ought to exist whatsoever in a self announced free and edified republic. Lincolns emotions of the Declaration of Independence, which inside and out say that all men are made equivalent, disaffirm his nations agreeableness and shared traits around bondage. This at last pushes Lincoln to change his perspectives on subjection, instead of supporting it before and all around the war, while it was vital. We will write a custom essay sample on Stephen B. Oates, Lincoln’s Journey to Emancipation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kansas-Nebraska Act -The enactment toppled the old Missouri Compromise line, which rejected subjection from the limitless northern zone of the old Louisiana Purchase domain. The demonstration then built another recipe for managing subjection in the national grounds: now Congress might stay out of the matter, and the individuals of every region might choose whether to hold or bandit the organization. This gesture toppled the Missouri Compromise which had awhile ago avoided region in the Louisiana Purchase domain and besides counteracted Congress from mediating, permitting the individuals to take care of their own issues with prominent power. This gesture advanced Congress freedom to its nation and made it recoil and provided for it no force in the bargains and contentions its nation was managing and additionally left open a yawning opening of chance for professional bondage control. At that point in 1857 came the notorious Dred Scott choice, passed on by the star Southern Supreme Court, which decided that not Congress or a regional government could ban subjection, since that might defile the Southern property rights. The court decided that simply since Dred Scott, a dark man who went with his expert to a free region, needed to be free, that he couldnt in light of the fact that he was in the hands of his expert and couldnt ban subjugation as an aftereffect of a violation in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. This assisted the little control that Congress had over the nation and underlined the control that slave-possessors had over their own particular slaves. Lincolns Proclamation, then again, was a clearing blow against subjugation as an establishment in the radical states, a blow that might free all slaves there those of secessionists and followers much the same. This declaration liberated slaves and was an expansive hit to the force of the Southerners and the establishment of subjugation. This was one of the first contributions that Congress had with subjugation, and eventually prompted crushing the revolutionaries and creating the union that didnt hold subjection. Not just that it was the most revolutionary measure ever to originate from an American president up to that time. Interestingly enough, this propelled African American men who were awhile ago slaves to ascent up and join the union armed force, adding many solid men to its energy and further bolstering its good fortune. Including to that, the enactment remained disliked since it permitted dark men to take the occupations in the northern states and all around.

legal brief essays

legal brief essays A twelve-year-old boy, Lionel Tate, brutally beat a six-year-old girl to death in South Florida in 1999. Tate was pretending to be a pro wrestler while he pummeled this girl to death, her liver even had split in half. A Florida law was recently passed which made it easier for prosecutors to try kids as adults. Tadfggc dfcvbbgds vgdf cvbbte was unfortunately one of those kids. He was sentenced to life in prison at the age of 14. Now everyone is regretting the decision once they seen the poor kid crying because his whole life is gone and there is nothing he can do about it. The problem that lies here is whether or not Tate really deserves to be sentenced to death at such a young age. No one that young has ever been sentenced to life in prison before. And Florida and California are the only states that have laws this harsh, but many other states were considering on following the same way as Florida and California. This is a legal issue because it is a question of whether This law is unconstitutional or it is perfectly acceptable. The pros to this case is that maybe it will stop other states from following in the footsteps of Florida and California. And maybe even this will get rid of the law in those states. The Cons of course are very bad. A 14 year olds life has just been thrown away and will mostly likely spend the rest of his life behind bars. There was some information missing in this article such as details about the court case itself. It kind of just says that the decision was life in jail and thats it. Hopefully the decision the Florida Court made will open up peoples eyes. They will realize that these laws need to be more specified or thrown away. These two states werent thinking when they made these laws and didnt think about any of the consequences at all. They were rushed to quickly and now they need to be atleast changed. ...

Definition and Examples of Testimony in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Testimony in Rhetoric Testimony is a  rhetorical term for a persons account of an event or state of affairs. Etymology: from the Latin, witness Testimony is  of various kinds, said  Richard Whately in Elements of Rhetoric (1828), and may possess various degrees of force, not only in reference to its own intrinsic character, but in reference also to the kind of conclusion that it is brought to support. In his discussion of testimony, Whately examined the distinctions between matters of fact and matters of opinion, noting that there is often much room for the exercise of judgment, and for difference of opinion, in reference to things which are, themselves, matters of fact. Examples and Observations Four out of five dentists surveyed recommend Trident sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum! -(advertising claim made by Trident chewing gum)No wonder so many doctors now smoke and recommend King-Size Viceroys. -(advertising claim made in the 1950s by Viceroy cigarettes)One of the Soviet Georgias senior citizens thought Dannon was an excellent yogurt. She ought to know. Shes been eating yogurt for 137 years. -(advertising campaign for Dannon Yogurt)Extrinsic Proof as Testimony-  I define testimony as everything that is brought in and secured from some external circumstance for the purpose of gaining a conviction. The best witness, therefore, is one who has, or is perceived by the jury to have, authority. -(Cicero, Topica, 44 B.C.)- Cicero stated that all extrinsic proofs rely chiefly upon the authority granted by the community to those who make them (Topics IV 24). In other words, Cicero defined all extrinsic proof as testimony. In keeping with Ciceros remark, we might argue that facts are a kind of testimony since their accuracy depends upon the care taken by the person who establishes them as facts and upon his reputation in relevant communities, as well. -(Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students, 3rd ed. Pearson, 2004) George Campbell on Evaluating Testimony (The Philosophy of Rhetoric, 1776)Although [George] Campbell does not provide a detailed discussion of the guidelines to be used in evaluating the reliability of a rhetors testimony, he does list the following criteria that may be used in corroborating or invalidating the claims of a witness: 1. The reputation of the author and the manner of his or her address.2. The nature of the fact attested.3. The occasion and disposition of the hearers to whom it was given.4. The design or motives of the witness.5. The use of concurrent testimony. When these criteria are met, and are consistent with experience, a high level of persuasion may be achieved. -(James L. Golden et al., The Rhetoric of Western Thought: From the Mediterranean World to the Global Setting, 8th ed. Kendall Hunt, 2003)Testimony of Condoleezza RiceOn August 6, 2001, over a month before 9/11, during the summer of threat, President Bush received a Presidential Daily Briefing (PDB) at his Crawford, Texas ranch indicating that bin Laden might be planning to hijack commercial airliners. The memo was entitled Bin Laden Determined to Strike inside US, and the entire memo focused on the possibility of terrorist attacks inside the US. In testimony before the 9/11 Commission, Condoleezza Rice, National Security Advisor to President Bush, stated to the commission that she and Bush considered the August 6th PDB as just an historical document and stated that it was not considered a warning. -(D. Lindley Young, The Modern Tribune, April 8, 2004) Richard Whately on Matters of Fact and OpinionObserving that argument from testimony is related mostly to jurisprudence, [Richard] Whately [1787-1863] observes two kinds of Testimony that can be used to support the truth of a premise: testimony regarding matters of fact, in which a witness testifies to matters verified by the senses, and testimony regarding matters of opinion, in which a witness offers a judgment based on common sense or deduction. As a form of argument from signs, testimony convinces by presenting evidence of an effect from which a cause or condition can be inferred. -(Nan Johnson, Nineteenth-Century Rhetoric in North America. Southern Illinois University Press, 1991)The Testimony of WitnessesContemporary rhetoric includes a kind of testimony that was absent from ancient considerations: statements by persons who were physically present at an event. The authority of proximate witnesses derives not from their wisdom or their professional expertise but from the modern presumption that evidence provided by the senses is reliable and credible. . . .The worth of testimony offered by proximate witnesses must pass several tests. First, a witness must be in a position to observe the events in question. Second, conditions must be such that a witness can adequately perceive an event. Third, the witnesss state of mind at the time must be conducive to her accurate observation and reporting. If this is not the case, her testimony must be modified accordingly. Fourth, in keeping with modern faith in empirical evidence, testimony offered by a proximate witness is more valuable than evidence offered by someone who was not present. -(Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students, 3rd ed. Pearson, 2004) Pronunciation: TES-ti-MON-ee

EMBA 550 inital post week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

EMBA 550 inital post week 4 - Essay Example Products are trauma (implants and instruments for surgical treatment of fracture), spine (treatment of degenerative instabilities, fractures, tumors and deformities for cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine), and CMF (craniomaxillofacial systems with complete array of implants and instruments for treatment of facial trauma, tumor resection and reconstruction, mandibular and maxillofacial skeleton) (Synthes, 2013). My company is St. Jude Medical, a medical device company. In choosing a second company to provide comparison, I selected another medical device supplier which, like St. Jude Medical, is among the 100 largest (based on revenues) firms in the industry, and which has approximately the same level of assets (SJM - $8.1 million, Synthes - $7.9 million) (Pharma.Live.com, 2012). The comparison is more relevant if it is between two firms engaged in the same scale of business. The customer experience is promised in their value propositions (Barnes, et al., 2009). Yes, the value proposition lies primarily with the types of products. The equipment and services of SJM address cardiac, neurological and chronic pain disorders, while that of Synthes addressed trauma, spine and CMF disorders. Secondarily, the value proposition also lies with the strategic vision. While both profess being guided by customers’ pain alleviation, SJM specifies its ‘focus’ is on ‘putting greater control in the hands of health professionals’ while Synthes specifies it is ‘Patient-driven, surgeon-focused, innovative, with attention to quality and integrity.’ The products Synthes innovates are concentrated on surgical wares, while that of SJM is more general, creating products for the health professionals to use in the course of treatments. The qualitative elements are correctly evaluated, because they pertain to the specific functions of precision instruments (products). Both value propositions

McDonald's Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

McDonald's Corporation - Case Study Example Still, the organization has increasingly experimented with foods on the fringe of its menu, including health options such as salads and snack wraps, as well as regional specific restaurant items. Company History Founders Richard and Maurice McDonald in San Bernardino, California established McDonald’s in 1940 as a barbeque restaurant. In 1948 the brothers stopped serving barbeque and began a hamburger and fries based approach, implementing streamlined production methods (Sowell, 2009). While McDonald’s would ultimately experience the most long-lasting gains as a result of the implementation of these production methods, they was first established in 1928 by the White Castle food chain (Sowell, 2009). For McDonald’s the switch resulted in tremendous success for the small company and it was not long before they experienced demand for expansion. In 1955 Ray Kroc would join the company as the first franchise agent. Kroc would establish a McDonald’s in Des Plain es, Illinois and kick off the organization’s staggering growth numbers (Sowell, 2009). While Kroc was not an organization founder today he is perhaps most recognized as the revolutionizing organizational force. Building on the original restaurant model, Ray Kroc would establish many of the elements that continue to the present day. Most prominently Kroc would establish the rigid standards for franchises, ensuring that the McDonald’s experience was uniform throughout every restaurant. The 1960s would witness many of these innovations including the establishment of the iconic ‘Golden Arches’ logo in 1961 (Sowell, 2009). Kroc would go on to institute the first-large scale advertising campaign this year with the slogan â€Å"look for the Golden Arches† (Sowell, 2009). A year later the organization would introduce the Ronald McDonald character as an advertising spokesman. In large part these early advertising efforts, an approach that would come to be ch aracteristic of the McDonald’s empire, greatly contributed to the organization’s long-term success. In 1965 McDonald’s would go public on the New York Stock Exchange the ticker symbol MCD. Throughout the years small but significant contributions would be made to the organization, including the introduction of the now seminal Big Mac in 1968 and the Happy Meal in 1979 (Sowell, 2009). Organization There are a number of prominent organizational elements within McDonald’s Corporation. While McDonald’s is a multinational corporation they retain a centralized organizational structure, headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois. In terms of supply chain management procedures, all McDonald’s stores receive products from the same vendors, ensuring uniformity among supplier stores. All corporate decisions are made in the United States headquarters. The organization’s chief executive officer is Jim Skinner ("Organizational chart mcdonald's," 2011). Sk inner is responsible to McDonald’s board members, the chairman of whom is Andrew McKenna ("Organizational chart mcdonald's," 2011). Skinner oversees a number of structural divisions, including brand, cfo, human resources, legal and secretary, restaurant, supply chain and franchising, coo, Europe, and APAC and MEA ("Organizational chart mcdonald's," 2011). These organizations have further oversight on a variety of other prominent structural elements.

SCP model Strategy Essay Example for Free

SCP model Strategy Essay Building on the SCP model, Michael Porter developed the highly influential five forces model. Porter’s model identifies five key competitive forces that managers need to consider when analysing the industry environment and formulating strategy: Porter‘s 5 competitive forces model is starting point for strategic analysis that is used for assessing the attractiveness of an industry (Johnson,et al , 2008) and discovering a desirable strategic innovation that improve the industry and company profitability (Wit and Meyer,2005) The threats to new entrants: The threat from new entrants is very high. Entering the electric automotive industry in 2003, Tesla itself faced the challenges of being the new entrant into the market having numerous financial troubles that required high capital investments, building the brand and distributions channels. However, for established manufacturers with considerable economic power to enter this market is relatively low due to their capabilities and governmental program support for developing electric vehicle (Shirouzu, 2011). There is a relatively low barrier to entry due to the higher demand for environmental friendly vehicles and with other outlets for available technology for lithium-ion batteries, it is a level of playing field where any company can replicate (Shirouzu,2011). This is an external threat that Tesla faces because this technology is easy to imitate by competitors. The bargaining power of Buyers Overall bargaining power of buyers is modest. According to Tesla Annual Report (2014), they rely on their relationship with Daimler and Toyota (Brown, 2013). The partnership is very important for Tesla, because supplying these companies constitutes the high share of their profit and thus, they cannot lose them, making their power considerably high. However, they also sell their cars to individual customers, and many government incentives give potential customers tax credit deduction (Ministry of Transportation, 2010). These programs stimulate the demand of electric cars that makes bargaining power low. Threat of Substitution The threat of substitutes is considerably law in automotive industry, because there are only few choices in the substitution of car. One of the  substitutes can be walking or biking that is very inconvenience for long distances. Moreover, mass transportation such as trains, buses, and subways are substitutes that are suitable for local and distant travelling (Dutch, 2008). However, many people prefer to have their own car that is more convenient. The Bargaining Power of Suppliers The power of suppliers is very high due to the fact that company is highly dependent on these suppliers and any problems with components delivering will result in production disruption that negatively reflects on company image. This is due to purchasing components from over 200 suppliers over the world. Despite of building close relationships with main suppliers such as Panasonic (Tesla Motors, 2014), working together on the development of new battery cell and replacing Lotus supplier ‘s chassis with manufacturing by themselves (Tesla Motors, 2014), many suppliers stay single sources of components used in their cars (Harryson and Keller, 2013) The Intensity of Rivalry in the Industry The rivalry in the whole automotive industry is very competitive. However, within electrical vehicle market in which Tesla position itself, the rivalry is modest because of small number of competitors in the face of 18 different current models, the main of which are Nissan Leaf Ford Focus BEV and Chevrolet Volt (Insideevs.com, 2014). However, this market is very attractive and expanding fast, therefore more companies, including BMW, Audi and Volkswagen, has entered it recently with their plug-in models (White, 2013). In addition, every company is trying to create their niche, developing many alternatives in term of environmentally friendly cars, including hybrids, small performance turbo diesels and biodiesel cars. Thus, in future, the rivalry will be more intensive and companies will need to keep innovative, improving and making better cars. Brown, N. (2013). Daimler Wants Increased Cooperation With Tesla Motors. [online] CleanTechnical. Available at: http://cleantechnica.com/2013/11/07/daimler-wants-increased-cooperation-tesla-motors/ [Accessed 6 April. 2014 Harryson, S. and Keller, S. (2014). Tesla Motors Case II: From Technology Start up to Commercialization Vehicle.CIEL. [online] Available at: http://ciel-lab.dk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Case_Tesla-Motors-Part-II.pdf [Accessed 1 April. 2014] Insideevs.com, (2014). February 2014 Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card | Inside EVs. [online] Available at: http://insideevs.com/february-2014-plug-in-electric-vehicle-sales-report-card/ [Accessed 3 April. 2014] Ministry of Transportation, (2010). Newsroom : Ontario Paves The Way For Electric Vehicles. [online] Available at: http://news.ontario.ca/mto/en/2010/06/ontario-paves-the-way-for-electric-vehicles.html [Accessed 4 April. 2014] Tesla Motors, (2014). About Tesla | Tesla Motors. [online] Available at: http://www.teslamotors.com/about [Accessed 20 April. 2014 Wit, B. and Meyer, R. (2005).Strategy synthesis. 3rd ed. London: Thomson Learning.

Comparing the Rights of the Individual in Handmaids Tale and Invisible Man :: comparison compare contrast essays

Rights of the Individual in Handmaid's Tale  and Invisible Man    The Handmaid's Tale, by Margaret Atwood, and Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, are two novels which use an essentially "invisible" central character to comment on the manipulative power society holds over people, destroying the individual. Offred, the protagonist of The Handmaid's Tale, and the narrator of Invisible Man are both invisible as individuals and are manipulated by society to become a dehumanized natural resource. The authors of these two works use the protagonist to criticize society's use of certain groups of people only as resources to reach a goal, ignoring the individuality of these people. The very names, or lack thereof, of the main characters indicate their invisibility in the eyes of society. Offred is named after her commander; she is Fred's possession and therefore of Fred. Her original name is never mentioned. Likewise, the name of the narrator of Invisible Man is never mentioned. When he joins the Brotherhood, he is given a new name. Both Offred and the narrator of Invisible Man see their real names as a source of self-identification, yet society refuses to use their real names. Offred is a natural resource to Gilead because she is one of few women who still have viable ovaries. She describes the existence of the handmaids: "We are two-legged wombs, that's all: sacred vessels, ambulatory chalices. We are containers, it's only the insides of our bodies that are important. What we prayed for was emptiness, so we would be worthy to be filled: with grace, with love, with self-denial, with semen and babies." (pg. 176, 124, 251) The narrator of Invisible Man is a resource is a similar way. The Brotherhood uses him as a speaker to advance their efforts to take power over the blacks. He says"What was 1, a man or a natural resource?" (pg. 303) Offred is seen not as an individual, but as one of a group of women who must serve the Republic of Gilead. When Offred asks the Commander for skin lotion, she says, "Our hands get very dry. For some reason I said our instead of my." (pg. 203) Here she sees herself as one of many handmaids, as she was taught to see at the Red Center. The narrator of Invisible Man, like Offred, finds himself identifying with a group and not with himself. He says, "they usually think in terms of "we" while I have always tended to think in terms of "me.

The natural underground space

Caves and CavernsA cave or cavern is the natural resistance infinite which is large plenty for human to come in. Most people suggest the term cave ought to use merely in pits with some parts non having the daytime, though in the usual use, the term involves smaller infinites such as stone shelters, sea caves and grottos ( John 20 ) . Speleology is the scientific discipline of survey and geographic expedition of the full facets of caves and its environment which encompasses the caves. Researching cave for scientific discipline or diversion can be referred to us potholing, undermining or caving in Canada and United States. Formation and development of caves is referred to us speleogenesis. Caves are formed by several geologic procedures which may include combination of chemical procedures, tectonic forces, and eroding from H2O, force per unit area, micro-organisms, atmospheric force per unit area and sometimes delving. Many caves are formed in limestone through disintegration. Solutional caves occur often and organize in stone that is soluble like limestone though it can besides organize in other stones which involve dolomite, chalk, salt, marble and gypsum ( George et al. 9 ) . The stone is dissolved by natural acid in the belowground H2O which seeps through the bedding-planes, articulations and mistakes. Over geological clefts of epochs enlarge to organize caves or cave systems. The biggest and most plentiful solutional caves are available in limestone. The limestone dissolves due to action of groundwater and rainwater charged with the carbonaceous acid ( H2CO3 ) and of course happening organic acids. The procedure of disintegration signifiers a typical landform called karst, characterized by belowground drainage and swallow holes ( John 29 ) . The limestone caves are normally adorned with formations of Ca carbonate produced through gradual precipitation. These involve stalactites, flowstones, stalagmites, sodium carbonate straws, helictites and columns. The secondary mineral mopess in caves are referred to us speleothems. The parts of solutional cave which are beneath the H2O tabular array or local degree of groundwater gets flooded. The most stunningly decorated cave in the universe are considered to be the Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico†¦ ( George et al. 26 ) . Primary cave is the name given to caves which form the same clip with environing stone. The Lava tubings are occur through volcanic activity are form the most common primary caves. Lava flows downhill before the surface cools and so solidifies†¦ ( John 32 ) . As the hotter lava returns to run under crust, amongst most liquid lava beneath the crust, the hollow tubing stays therefore organizing a pit. Examples of those caves are found on Hawaii, Canary Islands and assorted other topographic points. Lava caves Lava caves include though non limited to lava tubings. There are other caves which occur through volcanic activity and affect the lava cast caves, rift caves, inflationary caves, and unfastened perpendicular volcanic conduits. Sea caves or littoral cave are found along the seashores in the universe. A particular instance is the littoral caves, which are formed through wave action in failing zones in sea drops. Normally these failings are mistakes though they can be butchs or bedding-plane contacts ( George et al. 34 ) . A figure of the wave-cut caves are presently above the sea degree due to the ulterior upheaval. Corrasional or erosional caves are formed entirely by eroding through fluxing watercourses taking off stones and other deposits. They form in all types of stones including the difficult stones lie the granite. There is normally some failing zones steering H2O like articulations or mistakes†¦ ( John 2009 ) . While glacier caves form in ice and under glaciers and signifier through runing. They are besides influenced via the flow of ice, which tend to cover up the caves once more ( George et al. 34 ) .Plants CitedJohn Burcham. Learning about caves ; how the caves are formed. Journey into the astonishing Caves project belowground. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.amazingcaves.com/learn_formed.html. Retrieved September 8, 2009. Biospeleology ; the Biology of Caves, Karst, and Groundwater, by Texas Natural Science Center, the University of Texas at Austin and the Missouri Department of Conservation. Lynn Poole, Gray Johnson Poole. Deep in caves and caverns. Dodd, Mead, 1962. Original from The University of CaliforniaDigitized7 Nov 2007, Length158 pages. Ron Schultz, Nick Gadbois, Peter Aschwanden. Looking inside caves and caverns. Nick Gadbois, Peter Aschwanden. John Muir Publications, 1993 George William Moore, Gerardus Nicholas Sullivan, National Speleological Society. Speleology: the survey of caves. Speleologia ( Zephyrus Press ) . Zephyrus Press, 1978, Original from the University of CaliforniaDigitized8 May 2009. The narrative of caves. Doubleday, 1956, Original from the University of Michigan Digitized 11 Oct 2006

Ethics In Science

Ethics is the difference between what is morally right and wrong. A scientist has to know the ethical consequences of their work. The scientist Is responsible. There are many consequences Like the harm and amount of risk and benefit in science. There are also ethical procedures Involved In science. These procedures Include promoting alms of research and knowledge. These procedures help ensure accountability. The big difference Is that ethics and laws are not the same. Laws are established rules while ethics is the morals of a culture.Ethics is important because it makes sure that cooperation and joint endeavors run smoothly. One example of ethics in science is stem cell research. Stem Cell Research is when undeveloped cells are molded from adult cells, embryonic cells, and cord cells to finally be created as other cells. Stem Cell research is used as a treatment for such problems as heart disease, diabetes leukemia, and etc. One pro is that adult stem cells are a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues. Researching and using these stem cells may lead to progress and future discoveries in the future.That is the good part, but there are also some cons. These cons mostly got to do with embryonic stem cells. Some stem ells are taken from embryonic stem cells. The problem Is that scientists find extraction more Important than the misery of destroying a human being. Clients such as Dry. Xavier Lopez said â€Å"This Is the future of medicine, and I want to be a part of it. † Now, Stem Cells hold great potential in helping many human diseases and conditions. Stem cells are able to reproduce without causing damage. These are the ethics of stem cell research. Stem Cells overall can both save and destroy people.In the article, â€Å"Scientists Fabricate Rudimentary Human Livers† by Gina Kola speaks about scientists who have created a human liver from stem cells. This is good because it is a monumental achievement in science. This human liver is an example that stem cells can help us live for a long time. This was done by transferring liver buds into mice. Liver buds were put on the brain and the abdomen. The liver buds functioned Like human livers. Dry. Kenneth Caret states that â€Å"They were letting nature do Its thing rather than trying to conceive of what the right signals might be. This Is an ethical example because It shows that there are some major signs that stem cells are evolving. The creation of this liver is able to replenish organs. This is good because it shows that this liver is able to function. Dry. Take mentions that they can try to take it to the clinic and treat it on people whose liver have stopped working. This is a benefit because people will be able to get some part of their body back. â€Å"This is a major breakthrough of monumental significance† said Dry. Hilled Tibias.In the article, â€Å"Stem Cell Treatments Overtake Science† by Laura Bell talks about how Stem Cells are taking over the medical and scientific world. Maggie Allies, a victim of emphysema found out that adult stem cells were promoted as a cure for everything. † Doctors at the Regenerative Medicine Institute are hoping to take 130 million stem cells and transfer them to her lungs. These stem cells are helping her because the actual doctors could not. Stem Cells have risen because customers Like Maggie are hoping for a â€Å"personal miracle. † Stem Cells are flourishing In TIJuana.This is a big benefit because are about 20 clinics giving adult stem cell therapy to on it. He follows up with it by saying â€Å"It was eye-opening† and â€Å"This is the future of medicine, and I want to be a part of it. † This is good because Dry. Lopez is being ireful and has good intentions. He follows his ideas up by saying that Mexico lacks the government that the USA has. These clinical trials of stem cells are within the accepted structure of the Tijuana government. This is good the go vernment in Tijuana is watching over these trials. Dry.Lopez finally says that â€Å"I'm very proud of what we are doing. † Japanese researchers have created a human liver from human stem cells. Gina Kola covers this story in her article, â€Å"Scientists Fabricate Rudimentary Human Livers. † To create a human liver from stem cells can always cause pros and cons in the scientific field. The cons for creating this human liver are that it's more of an early fetal version. This is bad because it cannot develop into a full human liver. Sadly, the liver cells did not take up space in the body. It did not develop any blood supplies or systems.This is bad because it can damage a person's body. Anyways, other researchers tried recreating this human liver. These other livers would eventually die and would not function. If this liver fails, many things start to happen such as the abdominal area becomes filled with fluid. Eventually, a disease will begin. This is the negative of the human liver cell. This is why it will never be treated on humans. Another bad thing is that this human liver in a three- dimensional structure. Thus, it will never be put into the human body.The article also mentions that Dry. Caret has said, â€Å"We don't know if the cells will grow out of control or will poop out. † These researchers such as Dry. Tibias hopes they soon succeed. â€Å"It really has the potential to undermine the legitimacy of the whole world†, says Dry. Hashes Eased of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. Dry. Eased is right because there a lot of controversial ideas surrounding the SE of stem cells. One problem at the Regenerative Medicine Institute is that stem cells cannot regenerate no matter where they are placed.These safety precautions still remain unanswered. This is seriously bad because the patient would not be able to get that kind of service again for too much money. This is also an economical problem because it costs a lot of money to work on these patients. Scientists now fear the consequences of their work because of the growing number of clinics. This brings up the idea that there is responsibility, risk, and benefit involved in having ethics in science. In the article, a pathologist is mentioned to had illegally processed and shipped stem cells without permission from the F.D. A. This is a major problem because without these cells being checked these lives are in danger. Dry. Sedan follows his idea up by saying that patients don't know the difference between science and conning. This is bad because people can be cheated by researchers and they will be affected. Dry. Lopez, the founder of the institute says that he works with the Mexican authorities to follow the uniform standards. In the end, Stem Cells can find a way to destroy us. There are many consequences like the harm and amount of risk and benefit in science.This is shown in both articles. These stories show that scientists are trying to help the world, but not intentionally destroying it. Stem Cells hold great potential in saving human lives. This is the ethics of stem cell research. The human liver is a great achievement in the field of science, but it cannot function. People can recreate these discoveries. Stem Cells are helping people unlike the they are changing the world. Stem Cells might not be fix some things, but soon it will and will be amazing. This is the good and bad of ethics in stem cells. Ethics In Science Ethics is the difference between what is morally right and wrong. A scientist has to know the ethical consequences of their work. The scientist Is responsible. There are many consequences Like the harm and amount of risk and benefit in science. There are also ethical procedures Involved In science. These procedures Include promoting alms of research and knowledge. These procedures help ensure accountability. The big difference Is that ethics and laws are not the same. Laws are established rules while ethics is the morals of a culture.Ethics is important because it makes sure that cooperation and joint endeavors run smoothly. One example of ethics in science is stem cell research. Stem Cell Research is when undeveloped cells are molded from adult cells, embryonic cells, and cord cells to finally be created as other cells. Stem Cell research is used as a treatment for such problems as heart disease, diabetes leukemia, and etc. One pro is that adult stem cells are a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues. Researching and using these stem cells may lead to progress and future discoveries in the future.That is the good part, but there are also some cons. These cons mostly got to do with embryonic stem cells. Some stem ells are taken from embryonic stem cells. The problem Is that scientists find extraction more Important than the misery of destroying a human being. Clients such as Dry. Xavier Lopez said â€Å"This Is the future of medicine, and I want to be a part of it. † Now, Stem Cells hold great potential in helping many human diseases and conditions. Stem cells are able to reproduce without causing damage. These are the ethics of stem cell research. Stem Cells overall can both save and destroy people.In the article, â€Å"Scientists Fabricate Rudimentary Human Livers† by Gina Kola speaks about scientists who have created a human liver from stem cells. This is good because it is a monumental achievement in science. This human liver is an example that stem cells can help us live for a long time. This was done by transferring liver buds into mice. Liver buds were put on the brain and the abdomen. The liver buds functioned Like human livers. Dry. Kenneth Caret states that â€Å"They were letting nature do Its thing rather than trying to conceive of what the right signals might be. This Is an ethical example because It shows that there are some major signs that stem cells are evolving. The creation of this liver is able to replenish organs. This is good because it shows that this liver is able to function. Dry. Take mentions that they can try to take it to the clinic and treat it on people whose liver have stopped working. This is a benefit because people will be able to get some part of their body back. â€Å"This is a major breakthrough of monumental significance† said Dry. Hilled Tibias.In the article, â€Å"Stem Cell Treatments Overtake Science† by Laura Bell talks about how Stem Cells are taking over the medical and scientific world. Maggie Allies, a victim of emphysema found out that adult stem cells were promoted as a cure for everything. † Doctors at the Regenerative Medicine Institute are hoping to take 130 million stem cells and transfer them to her lungs. These stem cells are helping her because the actual doctors could not. Stem Cells have risen because customers Like Maggie are hoping for a â€Å"personal miracle. † Stem Cells are flourishing In TIJuana.This is a big benefit because are about 20 clinics giving adult stem cell therapy to on it. He follows up with it by saying â€Å"It was eye-opening† and â€Å"This is the future of medicine, and I want to be a part of it. † This is good because Dry. Lopez is being ireful and has good intentions. He follows his ideas up by saying that Mexico lacks the government that the USA has. These clinical trials of stem cells are within the accepted structure of the Tijuana government. This is good the go vernment in Tijuana is watching over these trials. Dry.Lopez finally says that â€Å"I'm very proud of what we are doing. † Japanese researchers have created a human liver from human stem cells. Gina Kola covers this story in her article, â€Å"Scientists Fabricate Rudimentary Human Livers. † To create a human liver from stem cells can always cause pros and cons in the scientific field. The cons for creating this human liver are that it's more of an early fetal version. This is bad because it cannot develop into a full human liver. Sadly, the liver cells did not take up space in the body. It did not develop any blood supplies or systems.This is bad because it can damage a person's body. Anyways, other researchers tried recreating this human liver. These other livers would eventually die and would not function. If this liver fails, many things start to happen such as the abdominal area becomes filled with fluid. Eventually, a disease will begin. This is the negative of the human liver cell. This is why it will never be treated on humans. Another bad thing is that this human liver in a three- dimensional structure. Thus, it will never be put into the human body.The article also mentions that Dry. Caret has said, â€Å"We don't know if the cells will grow out of control or will poop out. † These researchers such as Dry. Tibias hopes they soon succeed. â€Å"It really has the potential to undermine the legitimacy of the whole world†, says Dry. Hashes Eased of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. Dry. Eased is right because there a lot of controversial ideas surrounding the SE of stem cells. One problem at the Regenerative Medicine Institute is that stem cells cannot regenerate no matter where they are placed.These safety precautions still remain unanswered. This is seriously bad because the patient would not be able to get that kind of service again for too much money. This is also an economical problem because it costs a lot of money to work on these patients. Scientists now fear the consequences of their work because of the growing number of clinics. This brings up the idea that there is responsibility, risk, and benefit involved in having ethics in science. In the article, a pathologist is mentioned to had illegally processed and shipped stem cells without permission from the F.D. A. This is a major problem because without these cells being checked these lives are in danger. Dry. Sedan follows his idea up by saying that patients don't know the difference between science and conning. This is bad because people can be cheated by researchers and they will be affected. Dry. Lopez, the founder of the institute says that he works with the Mexican authorities to follow the uniform standards. In the end, Stem Cells can find a way to destroy us. There are many consequences like the harm and amount of risk and benefit in science.This is shown in both articles. These stories show that scientists are trying to help the world, but not intentionally destroying it. Stem Cells hold great potential in saving human lives. This is the ethics of stem cell research. The human liver is a great achievement in the field of science, but it cannot function. People can recreate these discoveries. Stem Cells are helping people unlike the they are changing the world. Stem Cells might not be fix some things, but soon it will and will be amazing. This is the good and bad of ethics in stem cells.

The Rainmaker essays

The Rainmaker essays The Rainmaker, by John Grisham, is a story about a man, Rudy Baylor, who just became a lawyer and finds himself questioning his values while representing a low-class family in a case about an insurance scam against one of the best law firms in the country. The concept of justice in The Rainmaker is fair handling and due reward or treatment. Rudy Baylor is a law student in his final semester of law school, hoping to someday become a practicing lawyer. Before he even takes his bar exam he gets a job at a low level law firm. While in school, he gives free legal advice to the elderly. His clients are diverse. His first client is a woman, Miss Birdie Birdsong, who is worth twenty million dollars. She wants Rudy to construct a will for her. She does not want her heirs to have any money because they are all mean. One of them has a wife whom Miss Birdie is sure will take all the money. The others are just down right mean to Miss Birdie. Soon after meeting Miss Birdie Birdsong, Rudy meets Dot and Buddy Black. They come to him because their son Donny Rae is dying of leukemia and the insurance company they pay, Great Benefit, refuses to pay for a bone marrow transplant. This multi-million dollar insurance company has also hired one of Americas best defense attorneys, lead by Leo F. Drummand, for them. Rudy has many problems to deal with. First, he was evicted from his house because he is broke. While visiting Miss Birdsong at her house to discuss her will, Rudy finds a small cottage behind her house. Miss Birdsong allows him to stay in the cottage as long as he helps around the house. Another problem is Rudy is fired from his law firm before his first day on the job due to new management. Next, his new firm lets him go in hopes of stealing the insurance scam case. Rudy barely keeps the rights to the case and moves to the law firm of Bruiser Stone. ...

Patrick Cleburne - Civil War - Confederate - Army of Tennessee

Patrick Cleburne - Civil War - Confederate - Army of Tennessee Patrick Cleburne - Early Life Career: Born March 17, 1828 in Ovens, Ireland, Patrick Cleburne was the son of Dr. Joseph Cleburne. Raised by his father after his mothers death in 1829, he largely enjoyed a middle-class upbringing. At age 15, Cleburnes father passed leaving him an orphan. Seeking to pursue a medical career, he sought admission to Trinity College in 1846, but proved unable to pass the entrance exam. Possessing few prospects, Cleburne enlisted in the 41st Regiment of Foot. Learning basic military skills, he attained the rank of corporal before purchasing his discharge after three years in the ranks. Seeing opportunity in Ireland, Cleburne elected to immigrate to the United States along with two of his brothers and his sister. Initially settling in Ohio, he later moved to Helena, AR. Employed as a pharmacist, Cleburne quickly became a respected member of the community. Befriending Thomas C. Hindman, the two men bought the Democratic Star newspaper with William Weatherly in 1855. Expanding his horizons, Cleburne trained as a lawyer and by 1860 was actively practicing. As sectional tensions worsened and the secession crisis began following the election of 1860, Cleburne decided to support the Confederacy. Though lukewarm on the issue of slavery, he made this decision based on his positive experience in the South as an immigrant. With the political situation worsening, Cleburne enlisted in the Yell Rifles, a local militia, and was soon elected captain. Aiding in the capture of the US Arsenal at Little Rock, AR in January 1861, his men were ultimately folded into the 15th Arkansas Infantry of which he became colonel. Patrick Cleburne - The Civil War Begins: Recognized as a skilled leader, Cleburne received a promotion to brigadier general on March 4, 1862. Assuming command of a brigade in Major General William J. Hardees corps of the Army of Tennessee, he took part in General Albert S. Johnstons offensive against Major General Ulysses S. Grant in Tennessee. On April 6-7, Cleburnes brigade was engaged in the Battle of Shiloh. Though the first days fight proved successful, Confederate forces were driven from the field on April 7. Later the following month, Cleburne saw action under General P.G.T. Beauregard during the Siege of Corinth. With the loss of this town to Union forces, his men later shifted east to prepare for General Braxton Braggs invasion of Kentucky. Marching north with Lieutenant General Edmund Kirby Smith, Cleburnes brigade played a key role in the Confederate victory at the Battle of Richmond (KY) on August 29-30. Rejoining Bragg, Cleburne attacked Union forces under Major General Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville on October 8. In the course of the fighting, he sustained two wounds but remained with his men. Though Bragg won a tactical victory at Perryville, he elected to retreat back to Tennessee as Union forces threatened his rear. In recognition of his performance during the campaign, Cleburne received a promotion to major general on December 12 and assumed command of a division in Braggs Army of Tennessee. Patrick Cleburne - Fighting with Bragg: Later in December, Cleburnes division played a key role in driving back the right wing of Major General William S. Rosecrans Army of the Cumberland at the Battle of Stones River. As at Shiloh, the initial success could not be sustained and Confederate forces withdrew on January 3. That summer, Cleburne and the rest of the Army of Tennessee retreated through central Tennessee as Rosecrans repeatedly outmaneuvered Bragg during the Tullahoma Campaign. Ultimately halting in northern Georgia, Bragg turned on Rosecrans at the Battle of Chickamauga on September 19-20. In the fighting, Cleburne mounted several assaults on Major General George H. Thomas XIV Corps. Winning a victory at Chickamauga, Bragg pursued Rosecrans back to Chattanooga, TN and commenced a siege of the city. Responding to this situation, Union general-in-chief Major General Henry W. Halleck directed Major General Ulysses S. Grant to bring his forces from Mississippi to reopen the Army of the Cumberlands supply lines. Successful in this, Grant made preparations for assaulting Braggs army which held the heights south and east of the city. Positioned at Tunnel Hill, Cleburnes division manned the extreme right of the Confederate line on Missionary Ridge. On November 25, his men turned back several frontal assaults by Major General William T. Shermans troops during the Battle of Chattanooga. This success soon was negated when the Confederate line further down the ridge collapsed and forced Cleburne to retreat. Two days later, he halted the Union pursuit at the Battle of Ringgold Gap. Patrick Cleburne - Atlanta Campaign: Reorganizing in northern Georgia, command of the Army of Tennessee passed to General Joseph E. Johnston in December. Recognizing that the Confederacy was short on manpower, Cleburne proposed arming slaves the following month. Those that fought would receive their emancipation at the end of the war. Receiving a cool reception, President Jefferson Davis directed that Cleburnes plan be suppressed. In May 1864, Sherman began moving into Georgia with the goal of capturing Atlanta. With Sherman maneuvering through northern Georgia, Cleburne saw action at Dalton, Tunnel Hill, Resaca, and Picketts Mill. On June 27, his division held the center of the Confederate line at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain. Turning back Union assaults, Cleburnes men defended their part of the line and Johnston achieved a victory. Despite this, Johnston was later compelled to retreat south when Sherman flanked him out of the Kennesaw Mountain position. Having been forced back to Atlanta, Johnston was relieved by D avis and replaced with General John Bell Hood on July 17. On July 20, Hood attacked Union forces under Thomas at the Battle of Peachtree Creek. Initially held in reserve by his corps commander, Lieutenant General William J. Hardee, Cleburnes men were later directed to restart an offensive on the Confederate right. Before the attack could commence, new orders arrived instructing his men to move east to aid Major General Benjamin Cheathams hard-pressed men. Two days later, Cleburnes division played a key role in attempting to turn Shermans left flank at the Battle of Atlanta. Attacking behind Major General Grenville M. Dodges XVI Corps, his men killed Major General James B. McPherson, commander of the Army of the Tennessee, and gained ground before being halted by a determined Union defense. As the summer progressed, Hoods situation continued to deteriorate as Sherman tightened the noose around the city. In late August, Cleburne and the rest of Hardees Corps saw heavy fighting at the Battle of Jonesboro. Beaten, the defeat led to the fall of Atlanta and Hood withdrew to regroup. Patrick Cleburne - Franklin-Nashville Campaign: With the loss of Atlanta, Davis instructed Hood to attack north with the goal of disrupting Shermans supply lines to Chattanooga. Anticipating this, Sherman, who was planning his March to the Sea, dispatched forces under Thomas and Major General John Schofield to Tennessee. Moving north, Hood attempted to trap Schofields force at Spring Hill, TN before it could unite with Thomas. Attacking at the Battle of Spring Hill, Cleburne engaged Union forces before being halted by enemy artillery. Escaping during the night, Schofield retreated to Franklin where his men built a strong set of earthworks. Arriving the next day, Hood resolved to frontally attack the Union position. Recognizing the folly of such a move, many of Hoods commanders attempted to dissuade him of this plan. Though he opposed the attack, Cleburne commented that the enemy works were strong but that he would carry them or fall trying. Forming his division on the right of the attacking force, Cleburne advanced around 4:00 PM. Pushing ahead, Cleburne was last seen attempting to lead his men forward on foot after having his horse killed. A bloody defeat for Hood, the Battle of Franklin saw fourteen Confederate generals become casualties including Cleburne. Found on the field after the battle, Cleburnes body initially was buried at St. Johns Episcopal Church near Mount Pleasant, TN. Six years later, it was moved to Maple Hill Cemetery in his adopted hometown of Helena. Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Patrick CleburneNorth Georgia: Patrick CleburneCivil War Home: Patrick Cleburne